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Co-Authors

S. K. Singh
A. S. Rajawat
B. P. Rathore
M. Chakraborty
Rupal Brahmbhatt
Ajai
Milap Sharma
Sunil Dhar
S. S. Randhawa
Kireet Kumar
Shakil Romshoo
R. D. Shah
R. K. Ganjoo
R. M. Brahmbhatt
A. Thapliyal
A. Panwar
P. Jani
S. K. S. Yadav
Simone Darji
Sandip R. Oza
Rajashree V. Bothale
D. Ram Rajak
P. Jayaprasad
Saroj Maity
Praveen K. Thakur
Naveen Tripathi
Arpit Chouksey
Rajesh Shah
Sandip Oza
Gaurav Jain
Asfa Siddiqui
Smruti Naik
Vaibhav Garg
Snehmani
Vinay Kumar
S. A. Sharma
Chander Shekhar
Kavach Mishra
Pramod Kumar
T. H. Painter
J. Dozier
V. Nagajothi
M. Geetha Priya
Parmanand Sharma

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Current Science

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Bahuguna, I. M.

Detection of Glacier Lakes Buried under Snow by RISAT-1 SAR in the Himalayan Terrain

Abstract Views :264 | PDF Views:99

Authors

S. K. Singh ¹, A. S. Rajawat ¹, B. P. Rathore ¹, I. M. Bahuguna ¹, M. Chakraborty ¹

Affiliations
1 Geo Science and Applications Group, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 109, No 9 (2015), Pagination: 1735-1739

Abstract

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals penetrate through the dry snow and cloud providing crucial data over the Himalayan temperate glaciers and complement the optical images. In the present study, RISAT-1 C band and AWiFS images of winter/ablation period over Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath moraine dammed lakes (MDLs) in Himachal Pradesh have been analysed. Backscattering coefficient of the lake was observed to be low throughout the year. Penetration depth of SAR into dry snowpack was calculated to vary from 4 to 22 m for a range of snow density (0.1-0.5 g/cm³), whereas it was estimated to be 1.20- 2.01 m based on ground observations for 30 January and 24 February 2013. The present study provides results of RISAT-1 C-band penetration up to ~2 m through the snowpack to detect MDLs in the Himalayan terrain. The detection of MDLs using the backscattering images of winter season was validated with synchronous AWiFS sensor images.

Keywords

Backscattering Coefficient, Glacier Lakes, Snow and Cloud, Synthetic Aperature Radar.

Full Text

References

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Singh, S. K., Rathore, B. P. and Bahuguna, I. M., Understanding the effect of various glacier features on backscattering coefficients of the SAR data in the Himalayan region. SAC/EPSA/MPSG/ GSD/RISAT/SR/83/2013, 2013, p. 24.

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Monitoring of Moraine-Dammed Lakes: A Remote Sensing-Based Study in the Western Himalaya

Abstract Views :1056 | PDF Views:184

Authors

B. P. Rathore ¹, S. K. Singh ¹, Rupal Brahmbhatt ², I. M. Bahuguna ¹, A. S. Rajawat ¹, Ajai ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 109, No 10 (2015), Pagination: 1843-1849

Abstract

Monitoring of lakes in glaciated terrain in the Himalayan region has been recognized as one of the priority areas especially after the Kedarnath disaster. Among all types of glacial lakes, moraine dammed lakes (MDLs) are the most important from disaster point of view. Remote sensing plays a significant role in view of availability of unbiased repeated data on the expansion or contraction of MDLs located in rugged terrains of the Himalaya. Monitoring of two MDLs, associated with Katkar and Gepang-gath glaciers in Zanskar and Chandra sub-basins respectively was done using satellite images of 1965, 1976, 1989, 2001, 2006-07, 2012 and 2014. Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps of 1962 were also referred to monitor the respective glaciers lakes. SOI maps show the presence of only one lake associated with Gepang-gath glacier. Areal extent of the MDLs had increased from 21 to 57 ha between 1965 and 2014, and from 27 to 80 ha between 1962 and 2014 for the Katkar and Gepang-gath glaciers respectively. Increase in peak discharge of the two lakes was also estimated using different empirical models in case of outbursts of these lakes. The lake outburst probability for both these lakes was found to be very low (less than 1%), however, possibility of outburst of lakes due to natural calamity like cloud burst, landslide or earthquake cannot be ignored. The rate of retreat of these two glaciers was observed to be high due to the presence of MDLs in comparison to surrounding glaciers in the valley.

Keywords

Glacier, Moraine Dammed Lake, Peak Discharge, Retreat.

Full Text

References

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Are the Himalayan Glaciers Retreating?

Abstract Views :202 | PDF Views:93

Authors

I. M. Bahuguna ¹, B. P. Rathore ¹, Rupal Brahmbhatt ², Milap Sharma ³, Sunil Dhar ⁴, S. S. Randhawa ⁵, Kireet Kumar ⁶, Shakil Romshoo ⁷, R. D. Shah ², R. K. Ganjoo ⁸, Ajai ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110 067, IN
4 Department of Geology, Government College, Dharamshala 176 215,, IN
5 State Council of Science and Technology, Shimla 171 009, IN
6 G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almorah 263 643, IN
7 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006, IN
8 Department of Geology, Jammu University, Jammu 180 006, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 106, No 7 (2014), Pagination: 1008-1013

Abstract

The Himalayan mountain system to the north of the Indian land mass with arcuate strike of NW-SE for about 2400 km holds one of the largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar regions in its high-altitude regions. Perennial snow and ice-melt from these frozen reservoirs is used in catchments and alluvial plains of the three major Himalayan river systems, i.e. the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra for irrigation, hydropower generation, production of bio-resources and fulfilling the domestic water demand. Also, variations in the extent of these glaciers are understood to be a sensitive indicator of climatic variations of the earth system and might have implications on the availability of water resources in the river systems. Therefore, mapping and monitoring of these freshwater resources is required for the planning of water resources and understanding the impact of climatic variations. Thus a study has been carried out to find the change in the extent of Himalayan glaciers during the last decade using IRS LISS III images of 2000/01/02 and 2010/11. Two thousand and eighteen glaciers representing climatically diverse terrains in the Himalaya were mapped and monitored. It includes glaciers of Karakoram, Himachal, Zanskar, Uttarakhand, Nepal and Sikkim regions. Among these, 1752 glaciers (86.8%) were observed having stable fronts (no change in the snout position and area of ablation zone), 248 (12.3%) exhibited retreat and 18 (0.9%) of them exhibited advancement of snout. The net loss in 10,250.68 sq. km area of the 2018 glaciers put together was found to be 20.94 sq. km or 0.2% (±2.5% of 20.94 sq. km).

Keywords

Ablation, Glacier, Himalaya, Retreat, Snout.

Full Text

Spatio-Temporal Variability of Snow Cover in Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna Sub-Basins, Uttarakhand Himalaya

Abstract Views :245 | PDF Views:125

Authors

B. P. Rathore ¹, S. K. Singh ¹, I. M. Bahuguna ¹, R. M. Brahmbhatt ², A. S. Rajawat ¹, A. Thapliyal ³, A. Panwar ³, Ajai ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M.G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 Uttarakhand Space Application Centre, Dehradun 248 006, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 108, No 7 (2015), Pagination: 1375-1380

Abstract

Advance wide field sensor (AWiFS) data of RESOURCESAT-1 and 2 satellites of IRS series were used to produce snow cover products at 10-day interval from 2004 to 2012 covering October to June of consecutive years for Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna sub-basins of Ganga basin in the Himalayan region. The snow products were generated using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) at a spatial resolution of 56 m using green (B2) and SWIR (B5) channels of AWiFS sensor. Minimum and maximum snow cover was found to be 998, 669, 141 sq. km, and 7874, 5876, 3068 sq. km for Alaknanda, Bhagirathi and Yamuna sub-basins respectively. The areal extent of snow was higher than the mean during the years 2004-2005, 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 for all sub-basins. Mean of monthly fluctuations between maximum and minimum snow cover were recorded as 3105, 2305, 1235 sq. km corresponding to variation in snow line altitude of 1613, 1770, 1440 m respectively. A subtle increase in the snow cover has been observed in these three sub-basins during 2004-2012. The results matched well with the variations in temperature taken from nearby ground weather stations. Snow cover products were analysed to understand spatio-temporal variability of accumulation and ablation of snow in the three sub-basins. Monthly fluctuations in snow cover were high during accumulation period than in ablation. This work also attributes in generation of long-term database which will be useful for understanding climatic variations over Himalayan region.

Keywords

Ablation, AWiFS, Ganga, NDSI, Snow Cover.

Full Text

Trends of Snow Cover in Western and West-Central Himalayas during 2004–2014

Abstract Views :225 | PDF Views:80

Authors

B. P. Rathore ¹, I. M. Bahuguna ¹, S. K. Singh ¹, R. M. Brahmbhatt ², S. S. Randhawa ³, P. Jani ⁴, S. K. S. Yadav ⁵, A. S. Rajawat ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 State Centre on Climate Change, SCSTE, Shimla 171 009, IN
4 CEPT University, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
5 Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Lucknow 226 021, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 114, No 04 (2018), Pagination: 800-807

Abstract

The extent of snow cover on the earth is considered an important parameter for numerous climatological and hydrological applications. Snow cover dynamics in mountainous regions is a vital input for energy balance, glacier mass balance, climate change and snowmelt runoff modelling. There have been global efforts for monitoring of snow cover of earth at varying spatial and temporal scales by generation of snow products. Among these, one of the high temporal and spatial resolution datasets has been generated using advanced wide field sensor data for Western and West-Central Himalayan region at the Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. This is done using an algorithm developed based on normalized difference snow index. This paper discusses the trends of snow cover from 2004 to 2014 based on an input of approximately 12,600 snow cover products at sub-basin scale in Indus, Chenab, Satluj and Ganga basins. Analysis of snow cover shows high variability during accumulation than in ablation period. A subtle increase in snow cover was observed in all basins during 2004–2014.

Keywords

Ablation, Accumulation, AWiFS, Snow Cover, NDSI, Western and West-Central Himalaya.

Full Text

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Rift Assessment and Potential Calving Zone of Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

Abstract Views :175 | PDF Views:89

Authors

Simone Darji ¹, Sandip R. Oza ², R. D. Shah ¹, B. P. Rathore ², I. M. Bahuguna ²

Affiliations
1 Geology Department, M.G. Science Institute, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009,, IN
2 Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Jodhpura Tekra, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 115, No 9 (2018), Pagination: 1799-1804

Abstract

Ice shelves line the peripheries of Antarctica. Rift and crevasses are two main deformational structures affecting ice shelf stability. The present study deals with propagation-widening of five active rifts and future potential calving zones on Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, between 2000 and 2017 using moderate resolution image spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The widening and rift propagating rate, as well as advancement in AIS show abnormal behaviour. The expansion of AIS differs across the shelf. The highest rate of advancement was observed in 2012–2013 (~517 sq. km) and the lowest was observed in 2000– 2001 (~35 sq. km). The rift system shows variability in its proportion and having poor relationship with environmental processes, which suggests heterogeneities in the AIS. The abnormal behaviour of rift propagation during the study period can be attributed to tsunamis, tide, current action, crevasses pattern and icequakes in the vicinity of the study region.

Keywords

Amery Ice Shelf–Lambert Glacier System, Rift System, Potential Calving Zone.

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References

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Assessment of Cryospheric Parameters Over the Himalaya and Antarctic Regions using SCATSAT-1 Enhanced Resolution Data

Abstract Views :245 | PDF Views:78

Authors

Sandip R. Oza ¹, Rajashree V. Bothale ², D. Ram Rajak ¹, P. Jayaprasad ¹, Saroj Maity ¹, Praveen K. Thakur ³, Naveen Tripathi ¹, Arpit Chouksey ³, I. M. Bahuguna ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad 500 037, IN
3 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun 248 001, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 117, No 6 (2019), Pagination: 1002-1013

Abstract

Antarctica is the focus of scientific studies considering the largest reservoir of terrestrial water in the form of ice and doubling of ice area during winter due to sea-ice growth. The third pole – Himalaya is equally important due to the large extent of snow and ice cover outside the polar regions, which is a major source of water for the Asian countries. At present, the Ku-band scatterometer observing global cryosphere is the SCATSAT-1 launched by India. This article describes the study carried out on different cryospheric parameters using high-resolution (~2.2 km) scatterometer data in the Antarctica and Himalaya. Impact of seasonal variations in snow/ice and ice calving on the backscatter over Antarctica is discussed in detail. A procedure developed for the estimation of sea-ice extent, which yielded overall accuracy of 89%, has been presented and successfully applied for daily monitoring of the Antarctic ice extent for 2017. Surface melting using backscatter and brightness temperature data has been discussed and the contrast between large-sized and small-sized Antarctic ice shelves during the austral summer period of summer 2017–18 is highlighted. The higher average surface melt observed around majority of east Antarctic ice shelves, particularly near the Indian station ‘Maitri’, is of particular interest. Typical surface melting patterns observed over the third largest Antarctic ice shelf, Amery, are discussed in detail. Over northwest Himalaya, derived changes in snow water equivalent (ΔSWE) shows a good correlation between observed and calculated SWE variations. The present study demonstrates that simultaneous availability of high-resolution brightness temperature and backscatter data from SCATSAT-1 provides a unique opportunity to study the polar and mountain cryosphere.

Keywords

Calving, Scatterometer, Sea-ice, Snow Water Equivalent, Surface Melt.

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Is the Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica Calving Triggered by Earthquakes and Tsunamis?

Abstract Views :209 | PDF Views:72

Authors

Simone Darji ¹, Rajesh Shah ¹, Sandip Oza ², I. M. Bahuguna ²

Affiliations
1 M. G. Science Institute, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
2 Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Jodhpur Tekra, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 116, No 7 (2019), Pagination: 1057-1059

Abstract

Iceberg calving event is one of the main processes that removes mass from ice shelves. The large iceberg calving events are a part of the natural cycle, where the frontal portion exceeds beyond its embayment wall and then results into retreat, this process is known as iceberg calving. The calving events are necessary to maintain the mass balance of the ice sheet, which is more frequent in response to atmosphere and ocean warming¹. Iceberg calving from ice shelves and glacier tongues might be caused by the impact of ocean waves of various types².

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Characterization and Retrieval of Snow and Urban Land Cover Parameters using Hyperspectral Imaging

Abstract Views :208 | PDF Views:91

Authors

S. K. Singh ¹, Gaurav Jain ¹, Asfa Siddiqui ², Smruti Naik ¹, B. P. Rathore ¹, Vaibhav Garg ², Snehmani ³, Vinay Kumar ², I. M. Bahuguna ¹, S. A. Sharma ¹, Chander Shekhar ³, Praveen K. Thakur ², Kavach Mishra ², Pramod Kumar ², T. H. Painter ⁴, J. Dozier ⁵

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad 380 015, IN
2 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun 248 001, IN
3 Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, Chandigarh 160 036, IN
4 University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US
5 University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, US

Source

Current Science, Vol 116, No 7 (2019), Pagination: 1182-1195

Abstract

Snow and urban land cover are important due to their role in hydrological management and utility, climate response, social aspects and economic viability, along with influencing the Earth’s environment at local, regional and global scale. Hyperspectral data enable identification, characterization and retrieval of these land-cover features based on physical and chemical properties of compositional materials. AVIRISNG hyperspectral airborne data, with synchronous ground observations using field spectroradiometer and collateral instruments, were collected over two widely varied land-cover types, viz. a relatively homogenous area covered by snow in the extreme cold environment of the Himalaya (Bhaga sub-basin, Himachal Pradesh), and a completely heterogeneous urban area of a metropolitan city (Ahmedabad, Gujarat).

AVIRIS-NG airborne data were analysed to understand the effect of terrain parameters such as slope and aspect on snow reflectance. Snow grain index using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands and absorption peak in the near-infrared (NIR) were used to retrieve grain size in parts of the Himalayan region. A radiative transfer model was used to understand the grain size variability and its effect on absorption peak in NIR. Continuum removal was performed for snow spectral observations obtained from airborne, modelled and field platforms to estimate band depth at 1030 nm. Grain size was observed to vary with altitude from 100 to 500 μm using AVIRIS-NG image. In the urban area, the data also separated pervious and impervious surface cover using spectral unmixing technique, identified several urban features over multispectral data such as buildings with red tiled roofs, metallic surfaces and tarpaulin sheets using the material spectral profiles. Two single-frame superresolution methods namely sparse regression and natural prior (SRP), and gradient profile prior (GPP) were applied on AVIRIS-NG data for the mixed environment around Kankaria Lake in the city of Ahmedabad, which revealed that SRP method was better than GPP, and affirmed by eight indices. Preliminary analysis of AVIRIS-NG imaging over snow-covered areas and densely populated cities indicated utility of future spaceborne hyperspectral missions, particularly for hydrological and climatological applications in such diverse environments.

Keywords

AVIRIS-NG, Hyperspectral Imaging, Snow Reflectance, Super-Resolution Method, Terrain Parameters, Urban Land Cover.

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Mass Balance of Glaciers in Bhaga Basin, Western Himalaya: A Geospatial and Temperature-Weighted AAR based Model Approach

Abstract Views :285 | PDF Views:90

Authors

V. Nagajothi ¹, M. Geetha Priya ², Parmanand Sharma ³, I. M. Bahuguna ⁴

Affiliations
1 Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Tataguni, Bengaluru 560 082, IN
2 School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600 127, IN
3 ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), Goa 403 804, IN
4 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 119, No 12 (2020), Pagination: 1961-1973

Abstract

Several recent studies carried out in the Himalayan region suggest enhanced receding rate of glaciers during the last two decades. Glacier health can be assessed by monitoring various glacier dynamics that includes mass balance, accumulation area ratio (AAR), equilibrium line altitude (ELA), etc. Here AAR, ELA and regressed mass balance for nine glaciers of the Bhaga basin, Western Himalaya during 2008–18 are presented using high resolution Sentinel 2 (10 m) and Landsat 7/8 (30 m) data with improved AAR and degree day/temperature index (DD/TI) model. Transient snow line (TSL) and AAR derived from the model were used in different regression equations to estimate the mass balance in both glacier and basin scale. In situ precipitation and temperature data obtained from the automatic weather station located at Keylong, Himachal Pradesh were used in this model based approach. Overall, the data reveal that most of the glaciers have experienced critical thinning and lost huge ice mass in the range –6.07 m.w.e. to –9.06 m.w.e.

Keywords

Accumulation Area Ratio, Glaciers, Mass Balance, Snow Line, Temperature Index.

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